This report, commissioned and financed by Just Future, examines three case studies: EUPOL Afghanistan (2007–2016), EUCAP Sahel Mali (2014–), and EUCAP Sahel Niger (2012–2024). These missions have been involved in civilian SSR efforts amidst ongoing armed conflict and within broader national and international counterinsurgency contexts. Each case study addresses the central research question: “What impact have EU civilian CSDP missions engaged in SSR had on fostering lasting peace?”